With few direct roads between them, and with passage from one point to another traditionally difficult, Italy’s towns and cities have a history of self-sufficiency, independence, and mutual mistrust. Italy’s political geography has been conditioned by this rugged landscape. At the bottom of the country, in the Mediterranean Sea, lie the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The southern Apennines are also tectonically unstable, with several active volcanoes, including Vesuvius, which from time to time belches ash and steam into the air above Naples and its island-strewn bay. Much of the lower Apennine chain is near-wilderness, hosting a wide range of species rarely seen elsewhere in western Europe, such as wild boars, wolves, asps, and bears. South of Rome the Apennines narrow and are flanked by two wide coastal plains, one facing the Tyrrhenian Sea and the other the Adriatic Sea. From the central Alps, running down the length of the country, radiates the tall Apennine Range, which widens near Rome to cover nearly the entire width of the Italian peninsula. Tuscany, to the south of the cisalpine region, is perhaps the country’s best-known region. The western Alps overlook a landscape of Alpine lakes and glacier-carved valleys that stretch down to the Po River and the Piedmont. Italy’s highest points are along Monte Rosa, which peaks in Switzerland, and along Mont Blanc, which peaks in France. At its broad top stand the Alps, which are among the world’s most rugged mountains. Italy comprises some of the most varied and scenic landscapes on Earth and is often described as a country shaped like a boot. Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. The migrant crisis and the growth of populist movements.Student protest and social movements, 1960s to ’80s.Economic stagnation and labour militancy in the 1960s and ’70s.The republic of Salò (the Italian Social Republic) and the German occupation.Economic and political crisis: the “two red years”.Politics and the political system, 1870–87.The rebellions of 1831 and their aftermath.Revolution, restoration, and unification.Political thought and early attempts at reform. Reform and Enlightenment in the 18th century.French and Spanish rivalries after 1494.From the 1490s through the 17th-century crisis.Early modern Italy (16th to 18th century).The southern monarchies and the Papal States.The states of Italy in the 15th century.The popolo and the formation of the signorie in central and northern Italy.The southern kingdoms and the Papal States.The reform movement and the Salian emperors.Socioeconomic developments in the countryside.Carolingian and post-Carolingian Italy, 774–962.Similarities between Lombard and Byzantine states.The late Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths.SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.
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